Scale Continuous and Non continuous Data R
Agenda
Get complete understanding of Data types and their scales in Statistics/Math with easy to understand examples.
Data type is a simple but very important topic as this forms the foundation of data analysis and hypothesis testing. You go through this module and I promise that you will not face any problem in identifying data types in your future data analysis work.
We will cover following items in this module:
Please don't get confused with scales and data types, first we will understand what are the different types of data. Once we have clarity on this, we will check 4 types of widely used scales for these data types.
Types of Data
There are three types of data, discrete, continuous and locational data. In our data analysis we mostly use continuous and discrete type of data. When we plan to apply any particular analysis to test a hypothesis, we have to first make sure that required data types are available. Basically application of any analysis type is linked with type of data, we have to first understand the type of data points available. If our data is discrete then we cannot apply some of the analysis types which work with continuous data only(Please refer to Fig-2).
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- Data is objective information that everyone can agree on
- What we measure is not the object but some characteristic of it
Basically we use two types of data in our statistical analysis:
1.Discrete Data
2.Continuous Data
Below table illustrates how data type determines which statistical test can be applied in a given scenario. For example, if Y (dependent variable) is continuous and Xs (independent variables) are discrete then we can use ANOVA to test means. If both Y and Xs are continuous then Regression can be used.
So, it becomes very important for us to know the types of data before we move into statistics, data science, marketing research or related field.
Data Type I – Discrete Data Type
Discrete Data
Discrete data can only be integers as it is count data, for example 2, 40, 41 etc. Counted data or attribute data are answers to questions like "how many", "how often", "pass/fail count".
Data Type II – Continuous Data Type
Continuous Data
Variable data is continuous data, this means that the data values can be any real number like 2.12, 3.33, -3.3 etc. This data is measured on a continual scale like distance, time, weight, length etc. Measured data is regarded as being better than counted data. It is more precise and contains more information. For example knowing how much it rained each day is much better information than number of days it rained. However collecting continuous data is time consuming and expensive as compared to counted/discrete data.
Data that can be measured on a Continual Scale with resolution that is limited only by precision of the measuring equipment
Below table shows the difference between continuous vs discrete data types.
Please note that all continuous examples are measured on a scale while discrete examples are counts.
Data Type III – Locational Data Type
Locational Data
Locational data simply answers the question "where". Charts that utilize locational data are often called "measles charts" or "concentration chart". They can also be "Heat map" showing volume or concentration on a map.
Primary Scales of Measurement
Now that we understand types of data, lets understand types of scales used to measure these data types. So, scale is different from data type.
There are four primary scales of measurement : nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. These scales are summarized in Fig – 2.
1.Nominal Scale : This is a figurative labeling scheme in which the numbers serve only as labels or tags for identifying and classifying objects. For example, the number assigned to the runner in a race is nominal. Here each number is assigned to only one runner and the numbers are unique. Another example could be Social Security Number. The numbers in a nominal scale do not reflect the amount of the characteristic possessed by the object. For example a person with higher SSN number is not superior to those with lower value SSN number. The only mathematical operation we can do is counting on nominal scale.
2.Ordinal Scale : An ordinal scale is a ranking scale in which numbers(ranks) are assigned to objects to indicate the relative extent to which the objects posses some characteristic. It indicates the relative position but it doesn't indicate the magnitude of the difference between the objects. Along with counting, we can calculate percentile, quartile, median, rank-order correlation or other summary statistics from ordinal data.
3.Interval Scale : In an interval scale, scale represents equal distance between the values in the characteristic being measured. The most important point is that in interval scale, location of zero point is not fixed. The difference between any two scale values is identical to the difference between any other two adjacent values.
4.Ratio Scale : Ratio scale possesses all the properties of nominal, ordinal and interval scale and, in addition, an absolute zero point. Common examples of ratio scale are height, weight, distance, age etc. All statistical techniques can be applied to ratio scale.
There are four primary types of scales of measurement : nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. These scales are summarized in a table below:
Data Type of Distributions
Continuous Data – Normal Distribution
Discrete Data – Binomial / Poisson Distribution
Source: https://sixsigmastats.com/learn-data-types/
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